The trouble with embryos

In an effort to quell ongoing debate about the ethics of human embryonic stem cell
(hESC) research, there have been concerted efforts to develop ethical standards for
both embryo and hESC research and to entrench these standards in law. Surprisingly
these efforts have not included efforts at standardizing the meaning of the pivotal
term ‘embryo’. This paper reviews the legal framework for embryo research in the
United Kingdom, the United States and Germany and highlights the absence of any
agreed upon standard for what counts as a human embryo. This is an important lacuna,
especially in light of the most recent advances in stem cell research involving the
reprogramming of human somatic cell nuclei to generate human induced pluripotent
stem (iPS) cells.

Keywords: embryo, stem cells, ethics, law, policy